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It’s a fair question.

If an animal looks soft, furry, and, let’s be honest, kind of adorable… why wouldn’t we treat it like a friend? Picture a common brush-tailed possum, fluffy and wide-eyed, or a spiky little hedgehog snuffling through the undergrowth, both undeniably friend-shaped. They don’t exactly look like villains. In fact, they look like animals we might want to protect.

But here’s the uncomfortable truth: in Aotearoa/New Zealand, these “friend-shaped” animals are responsible for some of the most devastating environmental damage across the country.

Early in my veterinary career, I realised just how complicated it can be to care about the environment. I’d signed up to help animals, not to think about how their populations should be controlled. But here in Aotearoa, even the cutest animals can be a big environmental problem.

The scale of the problem means pest management is essential. Conservationists must find a balance between the effectiveness of pest control techniques and animal welfare. This article explores how emerging technologies may help meet this challenge.

Cute… but catastrophic

Aotearoa’s wildlife is unique because it evolved for millions of years without land mammals. The only land mammals native to Aotearoa are, in fact, two species of bats. This isolation means many native birds nest on the ground, can’t fly well, and have limited natural defences against mammalian predators.

When humans arrived, they brought mammals, like hedgehogs, rats, stoats, and possums, with them. This is when everything changed. A stoat might seem sweet and harmless, but it will kill more than it needs. Possums, while wide-eyed and cuddly, can change the types of trees in native forests.

Introduced mammals have had a significant impact, contributing to widespread loss of biodiversity (variety of animals and plants) across Aotearoa. They have had a hand to play in the extinction of many native bird species and continue to threaten many more.

So, while these mammals might look adorable and harmless, their impact is anything but. It’s not that these animals are bad, they’re just in the wrong place.

Why we can’t just leave them alone

It’s tempting to think, “can’t we just let nature take its course?” The problem is, this isn’t how nature originally worked here. These species were suddenly introduced by humans, and native birds didn’t have time to adjust. So the decline in bird species isn’t natural, it’s our fault, and without intervention, many more native species will be lost.

This is why pest control is necessary. It’s not because we don’t like these animals, but rather we are trying to protect something even more vulnerable and important to Aotearoa’s history.

The challenges of traditional methods

Traditionally, pest control has relied on traps and toxins. While these methods are effective, they are not without their downsides. They can be costly, need regular checking and resetting, and pests often return quickly once control efforts stop.

These methods have been under scrutiny for several reasons. One concern is how humane these methods are. Animal welfare remains an important consideration even when trying to reduce or eliminate pest populations. There are also concerns about their environmental impact, including whether the toxins are retained in the soil and waterways. In addition, is the risk of harm to non-target animals, including native birds and other wildlife not intended to be affected.

Looking for better solutions

The good news is that things are changing in some really exciting ways! A 2014 study by Dr Helen Blackie and her team reviewed a range of emerging technologies and research for long-term mammalian pest management, several of which are discussed below. The team brought together scientists, university researchers, commercial pest management organisations and iwi (indigenous Māori tribal groups) who worked collaboratively to design new tools that are more humane, better targeted to specific pest species, and more effective over long timeframes.

Helen and her team develop new toxins to minimise animal distress. Some are even based on natural toxins derived from native plants, blending science with mātauranga Māori (traditional knowledge).

Another innovation presented in the study is “set and forget” traps. While these devices have existed for some time. Newer versions use artificial intelligence (AI) to ensure only target pest species activate them. Once installed, these traps can remain in place for long periods without the need for frequent checks or bait replacement, a big advantage over traditional traps.

In the study, the group also helped develop traps that utilise new toxins in a clever way. When the specific pest interacts with the trap, a small dose of toxin is placed onto its coat. The animal then ingests it through grooming, reducing the risk of environmental contamination.

In addition, the group is learning more about pest behaviour, specifically how animals move, feed, and interact at different population numbers. This helps determine the best places for traps, increasing the likelihood that pests will interact with them.

People power in action

As this study has shown, pest control isn’t just about technology. It’s about how people work together to protect the environment. In Aotearoa, pest control programmes rely on collaboration between iwi, conservation groups, and scientists. Each group brings different expertise to the work, from scientific knowledge to local and cultural understanding.

When I discussed the new innovations with Dr Helen Blackie, she highlighted that some of the most successful pest control initiatives come from community-led groups. She emphasised that even though these groups may have fewer resources than larger programmes, they are still often highly effective. They work closely together with a strong commitment, enabling them to share ideas and adapt their approaches as needed. At the end of the day, pest control only works if people are willing to take part!

So…why not friend?

It’s okay to think these introduced mammals are cute, and the instinct to care about all animals is a good one. But, in Aotearoa, protecting native birds and plants requires managing introduced mammals. Not because they’re bad, not because they don’t deserve compassion, but because the balance has already been tipped, and without action, the consequences could be irreversible.

With better tools, smarter strategies, and more collaboration, we’re moving toward a future where pest control is more effective, more humane, and more sustainable.

And maybe that’s the real answer to the question, “if friend-shaped, why not friend?” Because sometimes, protecting one part of nature means making hard choices about another.

How can you help?

Looking after our environment is a shared effort, the more each of us does, the bigger the impact we can make. If you’re keen to take it further, organisations like Predator Free 2050, Department of Conservation, and Forest & Bird offer opportunities to get involved right across the country. Tools like Trap.NZ can also help you protect your own backyard and track your impact. Karawhiua!

Written by veterinarian and animal lover, Kim Telford, a student at Te Whare Wānaka o Aoraki/Lincoln University. Inspired by a curiosity for how humans and animals intersect, as part of the ECOL 608 Research Methods in Ecology course.

Explore the science: Blackie H, M., MacKay J.W., Allen W.J., Smith D.H., Barrett B., Whyte B.I., Murphy E.C., Ross J., Shapiro L., Ogilvie S., Sam S., MacMorran D., Inder S., Eason C.T. (2014) Innovative developments for long-term mammalian pest control. Pest Management Science, 70(3), 345-51. doi: 10.1002/ps.3627.