Author: patersoa

It’s only forever, not long at all

Time has very much been on my mind lately.

To be exact, it is probably the comprehension of time that has been at the forefront.

I just went to the 40th anniversary of the movie ‘Labyrinth’, a quirky movie by Jim Henson of muppets fame, written by Monty Python Terry Jones, and starring David Bowie as the Goblin King (and who also wrote the songs) and Jennifer Connolly in her first role. Essentially a teen babysitting her baby half-brother wishes the goblins would take him when he cries to much. They do and many dream-like twists and turns occur in the goblin labyrinth as Sarah finally outwits the Goblin King to get the baby back.

I was 19 when I went to the cinemas to see this movie. It’s a little intimidating to think that 40 years have passed since that that fresh-faced Adrian was starting his honours year at Otago. In some ways it seems like yesterday, in others a lifetime has passed by. I mean I’ve done a PhD, got married, became a lecturer, raised three sons to independence, supervised 78 postgraduates to completion, travelled, read a lot of Tolkien, listened to a lot of Kate Bush, played a lot of games, coached a lot of cricket and so on.

Adrian in 1989 – starting his research career with behavioural work on native bees. Image by Adrian.

(By the way the movie holds up well, the practical effects are still amazing, the songs catchy, Bowie’s pants are still alarmingly tight, although there are parts that have not aged well, especially the early computer effects – I’d like to think of that as a metaphor for something!)

At a smaller scale, my granddaughter is about to turn one. (Note even the idea of being a grandfather makes me contemplate time a lot!) As an evolutionary biologist I have always said to my classes that, from an evolutionary fitness point of view, becoming a grandparent is the goal – you have reproduced and your children have reproduced. There’s not much more that you can do.

I’ve also found that being a grandfather is a wonderful job in its own right! It feels like the most important thing that I could be doing. So yah for evolution!

The last year has whizzed by and granddaughter has changed from an organic lump into a moving, noise-making, interactive Individual. Biology is amazing. But where did that year go?

The perception of time is a funny old thing. With regards to my granddaughter the last year has sped by. On the other hand, I got a bad concussion last January (I zigged when I should have zagged) and the recovery from that, still ongoing, seems to have taken a decade. Same period of time but contrasting experiences!

Adrian in 2026 with granddaughter. Image by Julie Paterson.

Our poor human perception of passing time can really get in the way of understanding science, especially the sciences that take place over long periods, such as evolution, geology, astronomy. A particular issues is getting our minds to comprehend just how much time there has been.

In my teaching I have used several analogies to try and get across the sheer scope of time. You want to take something familiar and use that as a metaphor. I’ve walked around the classroom where every step is 50 million years, I’ve used a rugby game where every minute is 25 million years. Usually, I am trying to emphasise that the dramatic stuff that we are most interested in happened recently and a looooooong time from the beginning.

So here I go again trying to give a sense of the time available for the history of the Earth! This time let’s think about ‘The Lord of the Rings‘. Most people know the basic story: Bilbo gives Frodo a magic ring which turns out to be the source of the Big Bad of the world’s power that must be destroyed in the volcano where it was made. Shenanigans ensue.

So, lets say we start with Chapter one and finish when the hobbits destroy the ring at Mount Doom (I know there is a prologue and there are several chapters after this but let’s stick with this basic journey of Shire to Mordor). In my copy of the ‘The Lord of the Rings‘ (LotR)this part of the story takes 916 pages. If the Earth forms with the first sentence of Chapter 1 “When Mr Bilbo Baggins of Bag End announced…” we are at 4.5 billion years ago.

Each subsequent page is then the equivalent of 5 million years (still a period of time that is unimaginably long!).

First evidence of life on Earth appears around page 54/916. In our read through of LotR this is in the The Fellowship of the Ring – Three is Company where Sam and Frodo meet Gildor and the elves within the Shire as they camp after leaving Bag End.

“Before long the elves came down the lane towards the valley”

Prokaryote fossils (bacteria) appear in the fossil record around page 114/916 where Tom Bombadil rescues the hobbits from the clutches of a barrow wight. (The Fellowship of the Ring – Fog on the Barrow Downs)

“At these words there was a cry and part of the inner end of the chamber fell in with a crash.”

We finally see complex cells (eukaryotes) – the kind that would lead to you, me and the trees over half way through on page 503/916. Gandalf and Aragorn are talking to a defeated Saruman in the wreck of Isengard (The Two Towers – The Voice of Saruman).

“They came now to the foot of Orthanc.”

Note that we have missed the hobbits fleeing the Nazgul and the Shire, Rivendell, the Mines of Moria, Lothlorien, Boromir’s death, the breaking of the Fellowship, Gollum, Ents, Rohan and Helms Deep!

Gollum by Julie Paterson

Multicellularity, sticking more than one cell together to form more complex organisms occurs on page 709/916. Pippin and Gandalf have ridden to Gondor and are meeting with Lord Denethor (The Return of the King – The Siege of Gondor).

“Before long he was walking with Gandalf once more down the long cold corridor to the door of the Tower Hall.”

The Cambrian Explosion, a point in time where we see fossils suddenly appear for almost all modern groups happens on page 803/916. We have sped past the journeys with Gollum, the encounter with Faramir and the Oliphaunt, and Gollum’s betrayal of the hobbits to Shelob and arrive at Sam rescuing Frodo from orcs after he has been poisoned by the spider (The Return of the King – The Tower of Cirith Ungol)

“At that rage blazed in Sam’s heart to a sudden fury.”

Land is colonised by plants and animals on page 833/916.The siege of Gondor is in full swing and Denethor perishes in a bonfire meant for the wounded Faramir (The Return of the King – The Pyre of Denethor).

“Gandalf in grief and horror turned his face away and closed the door.”

Reptiles, particularly lineages leading to dinosaurs become dominant by page 847/916 (The Return of the King – The Houses of Healing). Aragorn, Gandalf, Pippin and the wounded Merry reunite after the Battle of the Pellenor Fields where the Mordor forces have been beaten back and the Witch King destroyed.

“And get the pipe out of my pack, if it is unbroken.”

The extinction of the dinosaurs and many other things occurs on page 893/916 where Frodo and Sam are lost in the mountain border of Mordor (The Return of the King –The Land of Shadow).

“The tops of the Morgai were grassless, bare, jagged, barren as a slate.”

The Primate lineage that becomes the Hominids, our ancestors, evolves on page 906/916. Frodo and Sam, starving and thirsty, approach Mount Doom through the surrounding wasteland (The Return of the King – Mount Doom).

“Then let me carry it a bit for you.”

Finally, on page 916 we come to the last 5 million year. Frodo and Sam are slumped on the slope of an erupting Mount Doom after destroying the ring (The Return of the King –Mount Doom). All of human history fits into the last sentence

“Here at the end of all things, Sam.”

So is this effective? I guess one needs to know the story to get the full effect but even just looking at the page numbers will give you the right idea. Most of the interesting stuff happens in the last few pages. Almost nothing much happens in the first two thirds. Life, itself, arrives surprisingly early.

I feel like it helps me with to work with the notion of lots of time.

“It’s only forever, not long at all”

sings David Bowie in the song Underground in the Movie Labyrinth. The more I think about it, the more I think that this is a very perceptive line.

Still, I am out of time for now. I’m off to celebrate my granddaughter’s birthday.

The author, Adrian Paterson, is a lecturer in the Department of Pest-management and Conservation at Te Whare Wānaka o Aoraki Lincoln University. He has experienced a lot of time.

February 16, 2026
Kiwi: now in 3D

‘Coming soon in 3D!’ Periodically throughout my life movie-makers have dabbled with making films that we can watch in three dimensions. You would get your special glasses before the movie session and then sit there wondering when to put them on until the action got going.

To be honest I don’t remember many of the movies that I saw like this. The Avatar movies have always had the option and I watched at least the second movie this way. Spears and monsters would lunge out of the screen at you.

Other than that I am drawing a blank. This is not to say that every 3D movie is bad but just that 3D on its own doesn’t make a film more memorable.

Avatar Adrian! Look out for the arrow!

I don’t even dislike the experience despite having to wear the 3D glasses over my own glasses. There is something immersive about dodging things ‘coming out of the screen’. However, I seldom choose this option if 2D is available. It all seems a bit too much like work perhaps?

Adding a third dimension can help with appreciating scale and movement though. It can also help with identifying who’s who in the screen – there’s just a bit more information that your brain can use.

Identifying individuals is a big deal in biology, especially conservation. When you have a small population you are interested in individuals. How are they doing? Are they breeding? Who do they hang out with?

Of course, for many species there are not a lot of features to differentiate between individuals. They are similar in height, uniform in coloration, and have similar behaviours.

To make them more distinctive we could always band our target with bright colours or paint an obvious mark on them but this involves capturing and interacting with the individual. This causes a great deal of stress and catching individuals is not always simple.

Ideally we could use cameras to take pictures that we could measure features in that are unique to an individual. Two dimensional pictures require an individual to be in an exact place with an exact orientation for this to work. So this is not a reliable method.

Bit wait! … Coming soon in 3D!

It turns out that if you take pictures with different devices from slightly different angles at the same moment then you can much more accurately calculate measurements on individuals. At least in theory.

Jane Tansell with her trusty kiwi dog. Picture from Jane Tansell.

Jane Tansell, a recently completed PhD student at Lincoln University, and her supervisors, Adrian Paterson and James Ross, set out to see if we could use this idea to identify kiwi. Kiwi populations and individuals are difficult to measure. They are nocturnal, usually found in scrubby terrain, are reasonably featureless, and spend a lot of time in burrows. We can use trained dogs to find them but this is quite stressful for kiwi. We can listen to their calls during the night but this is difficult to split into different individuals and certain parts of the population don’t call anyway.

Trail cameras have been used to successfully locate kiwi. Jane wondered if she could pair cameras 12-25 cm apart, taking images that could be used to essentially create a 3D image of features on each bird. Jane knew that kiwi bills vary between individuals and can be used as an ID.

Jane worked with the more technically literate Maurice Kasprowsky and Tom Gray to cobble together the cameras and get them to work together.

Jane, as reported in NZ Journal of Zoology, first tried the setup on a taxidermied kiwi in good light conditions. She found that the cameras could be used to measure the bills to within 1.5% of their actual length. This was a great achievement and would certainly be able to determine individuals.

In theory we should be able to photograph kiwi and recognise them by measuring their bills. Image from Adrian Paterson.

Jane then set up field trials with live kiwi. In the real world, with low light and moving birds the cameras were less efficient. At worst they were terrible but often they were within 3-4% of the actual bill length. This is not good enough to replace current field identification methods but it was still quite impressive given the relatively jury-rigged setup.

Improvements in cameras, especially 3D cameras, are happening quite quickly. With some more trial and error Jane should be able to start reducing the error enough for this to be a viable noninvasive method for following kiwi in the field.

While this is not as exciting as an arrow flying at you from an Avatar movie, this use of 3D does have real world uses that will help with understanding a national icon!

The author, Adrian Paterson, is a lecturer in the Department of Pest-management and Conservation at Te Whare Wānaka o Aoraki Lincoln University. Adrian is a kiwi but unfortunately has no bill to measure.

February 4, 2026
Detecting red panda, dancing with Kate Bush

I’ve been a fan of Kate Bush since she released ‘Wuthering Heights’ when I was 10 years old. She famously does not tour or give shows and so I have never had the chance to see her live. A couple of weeks ago a tribute act ‘An evening without Kate Bush’ came through Christchurch. Great! I booked tickets and dragged Julie along.

My wife is a long suffering SOKF (spouse of Kate fan), but she was happy to indulge me. Little did she know what was in store. It was a great show. Sarah-Louise Young danced and sang very well and was quite funny. Kate Bush always walks a fine line between quirky and bonkers. The Piano audience had a good time.

The show was quite interactive. At one point Sarah-Louise asked what our favourite Kate song was. I stuck up my hand and she came over. In addition to the song (Get out of my house), she was interested in whether Julie was a fan (not particularly) and how long we had been married (30 years).

As she turned to go, Julie added “Oh and Adrian proposed to me in a Kate Bush way.” Well that was that. Julie was then explaining The Dreaming album cover, the ring, the kiss and so on. Much hilarity ensued.

The show continued on. We got to ‘Don’t give up‘, the song sung by Peter Gabriel with Kate. Sarah-Louise wanted a couple to come onstage and of course that was us. We had to slow dance for the song (much as happens in the video). That’s 6.5 minutes, or an eternity on the stage.

So, there we were, literally, in the spot light, in front of 325 people. I didn’t find it too bad. I focused in the dancing and not tripping over. Julie was very uncomfortable and most definitely not herself. We reflected later that I am more used to ‘performing’ as a lecturer in front of crowds. Julie is a teacher but only has much smaller groups to perform to.

I think that we did OK. It turned out that there were a couple of people in the audience who new us and messaged that we did some good dancing (probably they were just happy that they hadn’t been picked to do it).

As we quietly swayed and turned on stage I did reflect on how the knowledge of being observed really does affect the behaviour of individuals. This links through to my research where I am often making observations of individual birds and mammals.

A gaggle of red panda! Image from Sonam Tashi Lama

Recently, we have been using trail cameras to get a better understanding of red panda, and other mammals, in their habitat of eastern Nepal. In these areas red panda are relatively cryptic and declining. Grids of cameras offer a way of observing red panda over long periods of time without humans needing to be nearby.

Cameras can tell us about the distribution of species over daily and seasonal cycles (Collecting mammals: camera traps in eastern Nepal). We also observed that panda do notice the cameras and that this can lead to subtle changes in their behaviour (I see you: Sauron and the panda).

In this work with Sonam Tashi Lama (Red Panda Network), and published in the Wildlife Society Bulletin, we set up 19 sites in the alpine forests of eastern Nepal. At each site we had two cameras, one set up in a typical manner at ground level and the other in the tree canopy 5 m above. The cameras collected data over several months.

We found that red panda were active over the whole day (gotta eat a lot of bamboo and other vegetation!) but activity peaked around dawn and again at midday.

Arboreal cameras took four times as many photos as ground cameras. These were mostly of leaves blowing in the wind but they were eight times more effective at capturing red panda images. These behaviours included action activities (e.g. tree climbing), clear images of faces, and motion‐lite activities, like sleeping and grooming.

Image from Sonam Tashi Lama

So, now we know that cameras can affect the behaviour of red panda being observed and that the placement of the cameras can affect how successful our observations are. Is this a problem? Perhaps, but it is better to know there is a problem when we conduct future research. Also, the information that we are gathering, even if there is some biases, is still way better than not knowing anything.

We will take the net gain in what we now know about red panda and that can help us with managing them and their habitat.

It was nice to be reminded about how it feels to be observed. Whether it is 300 Kate Bush fans or a trail camera, there is a physical reaction to knowing that something is out there and perhaps it is watching you. It’s something to keep in mind when designing these studies.

Oh and don’t put your hand up when you are in the audience of these kinds of interactive shows!

Adrian Paterson is in the Department of Pest-management and Conservation at Lincoln University. Now that he thinks about it, he has spent a lot of his research prying into the private lives of animals.

April 11, 2025
How to help lizards in your back yard/paddock
Has your cat ever brought in a nice present only for you to find it’s a lizard? Have you seen a lizard scutling away on a nice sunny summer’s day while walking around the garden? Well, you may have lizards residing in your back yard!

In New Zealand we have over 125 different lizard species, 76 are skinks and 48 are geckos, all but one one skink species is native. Of these 126 species, 49 (~36%) are Threatened and a further 67 (~50%) are At Risk (Hitchmough et al., 2021). Therefore 86% of our lizard species are threatened by various factors, such as predation, urbanisation, habitat fragmentation, and agricultural intensification.

We all need to play our part to ensure that lizards do not continue to decline.

There are simple tools we can use that can help the lizards in our back yard. Skinks love to hide under rocks and in small gaps when startled. Geckos love to live in tight crevices, like spaces in wood, stone and even in various human-made structures (e.g. power boxes and garages).

We can create structures called Artificial Retreats (ARs) that mimic these natural retreats that lizards love so much. Artificial Retreats are a tool that we can easily implement that can support vulnerable lizards.

Currently, artificial retreats have been designed for scientific monitoring and are commonly constructed from roof-cladding Onduline sheets, which isn’t an easily accessible or cheap material. My thesis investigated two other alternative designs that are constructed in a manner that is easily accessible to landowners and public members keen to do their part in lizard conservation.

One AR type was constructed from a stack of three bricks (Figure 1) that have a 10 mm wooden dowel stuck between each layer so that the lizards can easily move between them.

The second was constructed from two plywood sheets (Figure 2), bolted together, with the 10mm dowel in between the sheets.

The third was the common Onduline design (Figure 3). I tested these ARs across Canterbury farms located at Cleardale Station in the Rakaia Gorge, as well as Flea Bay and Goughs Bay on Banks Peninsula.

I captured 26 lizards to test in the three AR designs and there was no preference among the three. However, the geckos at Cleardale Station preferred some designs more than the Flea Bay lizards. At Flea Bay, the lizards were more commonly found in the brick (46% of all geckos) whereas at Cleardale they didn’t use the brick ARs. At Cleardale Station, a equal number (17%) were found in both Onduline and wooden ARs. At Flea Bay, 17% lizards were captured and only 4% of lizards were found in the Onduline design at Flea Bay.

Depending on the location of the property and the species of lizards present, there will be differences in which AR they prefer. Having an option of several different AR designs is preferable.

During the field trials I found that the ARs did not withstand heavy stock (cattle)interactions and were frequently interfered with. However, I did not have any problems with ARs placed in sheep paddocks.

Landholders can implement any or all three of the designs into their property and all have a chance of lizard occupation. A variety of designs means that landholders can choose which AR design to use based on what available materials they have.

Having a choice of AR designs make it accessible to whomever wants to conserve lizard species on their properties without having to spend large amounts of money or spending valuable time having to source the materials to construct the AR.

Key design components and considerations when planning and building lizard ARs.
- The ARs need to have at least one gap that has a 10mm gap.
- Placed in an area where lizards or their poo have been seen.
- Recommended not to be placed in a paddock in cattle.
Acknowledgements: A massive thank you to the financial support for this project from The Brian Mason Trust and the North Canterbury Forest and Bird Trust.

Reference

Hitchmough, R., Barr, B., Knox, C., Lettink, M., Monks, J., Patterson, G., Reardon, J., van Winkel, D., Rolfe, J., & Michel, P. (2021). Conservation status of New Zealand reptiles, 2021.

Written by Sam Fitzgerald, a MSc student in the Department of Pest-management and Conservation at Lincoln University.
March 20, 2025
A bounty hunter in the Subantarctic

I’ve been a fan of Star Wars since I was a nine year old being driven to Dunedin to see this new SF film that was supposed to be quite good. There in the Octagon Theatre my young mind was blown by what I saw. We’d never seen anything quite like it. I still can vividly recall the final attack run down the canyon on the Death Star. It was like you were in the cockpit of Luke’s X-Wing.

Over the last 47 years I have seen most of the Star Wars movies and series. I even didn’t mind the prequel movies. One of my favourite characters was Boba Fett, the bounty hunter. He seemed cool and I liked that he didn’t take off his helmet (I was also about to become a 2000AD Judge Dredd fan, probably for similar reasons). The Mandalorian, featuring more on the galaxy bounty hunters, is one of my favourite Star Wars series.

Who doesn’t love Grogu? Image by Adrian Paterson

I’m not sure why I enjoy the SW IP, the stories are reasonably predictable, the names are awkward and clunky, but I guess it is fun, looks good and has some interesting diversity (it’s definitely not all filmed in an abandoned British quarry like most other SF at the time). I particularly liked the islands on Ahch-To where the elderly Luke Skywalker was living as a recluse. Their ruggedness, isolation and ‘bird’ fauna seemed like our NZ Subantarctic islands.

In the Subantarctic we have our own bounty hunter with the strangely Star Wars-like name of Pacificana cockayni. This spider species, like a Jedi hermit, is only found on the Bounty Islands (a wind-swept collection of small islets) that are very seldom visited by humans. It spends its time hunting among a sparse five other species of spiders and 22 insect species. There are a bunch of seabird species that use the islands for breeding. It’s a harsh place to live and has a precarious food web.

Pacificana cockayni was first collected by the great botanist, Leonard Cockayne, in 1903. There were a handful of future visits where female adults and juveniles were collected and finally a male was found. When describing a species it is useful to have adults of both sexes (and in spiders differences are exaggerated and easier to find in males). In more recent times molecular approaches, sequencing DNA, allows for a more precise understanding of who your species might be related to.

Pacificana cockayni. Image by Thomas Mattern.

Cockayne sent the original samples to a leading British arachnologist of the time with a decidedly non-Star Wars name, but suitably impressive nonetheless, Henry Roughton Hogg (OK maybe a little Star Warsy… I can see an Imperial Star destroyer being commanded by Admiral Roughton Hogg). Hogg decided that Pacificana cockayni was different enough from other spiders to be in its own genus. He then guessed at the family. (“These aren’t the spiders you are looking for.”)

Over the years other travellers collected a handful of specimens when their journeys brought them to the Bountys. These include the great spider specialist Ray Forster. (“May the Forster be with you‘), one of my first PhD students, Frances Schmechel, and recent masters student, Robin Long.

Time moves on and we are not in that galaxy far far away now. Many of the spider species lumped together as a big group by Hogg have been moved to more accurate placements by spider specialists over the last century. Cor Vink (Lincoln University), Phil Sirvid (Museum of NZ) and Nadine Duperre (Liebniz Institute) decided to sort out the status of Pacificana cockayni. They could see that things were a mess (“Hogg, you have failed me for the last time“).

They looked carefully at the various structures of Pacificana cockayni and compared these to the various options for relatives (“Hmmm aren’t you kinda short to be a Miturgidae?”). For example, they found that the stridulatory field on prolateral face of male coxa of leg 1 was different to other closely related species (which to most sounds about as meaningful to the uninitiated as midiclorians).

Bounty Islands – birds, rocks and a few spiders…. Image by Tui de Roy.

Vink and colleagues were also able to get DNA from these species as well (or use DNA data that had already been collected). In a recent NZ Journal of Zoology paper they were not able to definitively sort out who the closest relatives of Pacificana cockayni were, but they could show that they had been evolutionary distinct for a long time. Given this distinctiveness and the limited range of this species to the small Bounty Islands archipelago, Pacificana cockayni faces some big problems. “I have a bad feeling about this.“

The maximum height of the Bountys is 73 m, creating a problem with sea level rise taking away land. Climate change is altering prey patterns for the seabird species that bring guano and carrion back to the islands, and which drives the simple invertebrate food webs. Bird populations are also declining through climate influences and from fisheries. Fewer birds means less food for everyone else that’s stuck on these islands (“It’s a trap!“). And, despite the isolation, there is always the risk of a rodent invasion from a visiting boat. Rodents love munching on large invertebrates.

Like a rare Jedi knight on the fringes of the galaxy, Pacificana cockayni have faced and triumphed over tough times. Vink and colleagues have allowed us to know just how special this species is and why we should work hard to protect it to give it a fair chance to survive into the future.

This is the way.

This article was written by Adrian Paterson (Pest-management and Conservation at Lincoln University). With writing EcoLincNZ articles, do or do not, there is no try.

December 13, 2024
Collecting mammals: camera traps in eastern Nepal

Collecting things seems to have deep roots in the human brain. There are few things more satisfying than finding something unexpected that you really need for your collection. The shock (woah!), the excitement (at last!), the surprise (how did this get here?), the urgency (I better grab this before someone else does), even though anyone standing close to you probably won’t care about this!

My youngest son had a few years of thrifting where he would scour second-hand stores for ‘cool clothes’ that he could buy and then sell on for a reasonable profit to people who wanted that retro look but didn’t want to spend time searching. Edgar trained me up to spot certain brands, labels, styles and so on. For about five or six years I spent a lot of time browsing ‘dead peoples’ clothes’ as my middle son Arthur called them. I still remember a great trip with Edgar as I took him to a university semester in Dunedin. We struck gold in Waimate (a little off the beaten track) and found 30+ items!

A small selection of Tanith Lee.Active from the 1970s till the 2010s – prolific and great for collecting! The Winter Players and Companions on the Road are two of my favourite (short) books ever. Image from Adrian.

What do I collect? I guess there is a distinction between hobbies and collecting? I have a lot of small plastic figures that I love painting but I am not searching for some elusive or rare halfling commando. I buy a lot of boardgames and there are some older games that I might keep an eye out for, but I would count these as hobbies not collecting.

Books, I have a lot of books…. Some of that is hobby – reading the latest books by Tad Williams or Lindsey Davis, for example. But I definitely collect some authors (Tanith Lee, Robert Howard) and spend time in second hand book shops with a list…. I still remember the day that I found the original D&D colouring book in absolutely mint, uncoloured condition! So rare! So elusive! All mine! (Sadly it has somehow gone missing from my collection in recent years!).

Collected on camera – a red panda. Image by Sonam Lama

As a zoologist interested in natural history, you are also dealing with collecting. Typically you want to collect the types of species found in an area. This tells us a lot about species diversity and richness, conservation, ecological interactions, evolutionary adaptations and so much more! This collection could be physical (like the hundreds of thousands of insect specimens found in our LU Entomology Research Museum) or it could be observational, where spotting an individual from a species can be logged (like with iNaturalist). But it certainly scratches the collecting itch.

Observations can be direct (e.g. I saw that animal) or indirect (e.g. I found a footprint of that animal). Either way these are data that tell us that a species is found in the area. We are increasingly relying on indirect methods to collect observations – in fact much of our wildlife research here in Pest-management and Conservation is around developing better ways to monitor our mammal pests.

Sonam Lama was a Master of International Nature Conservation student at Lincoln University. He had spent a lot of time working for the Red Panda Network back in Nepal. As part of his research, with Adrian Paterson and James Ross, he was interested in being better able to monitor red panda in the wild (but that will be another story!). Sonam was also keen to find what other species share the red panda habitat in far eastern Nepal. Were there many predators? Were there many competitors?

Sonam in the forest of eastern Nepal. Image by Sonam Lama

Sonam worked within the high altitude (between 2-4000 m abs) forests of Ilam, Panchthar and Taplejung, which provide a corridor between the rest of Nepal and India. Over this large area Sonam identified sites where he could put his 60 cameras. Typically the cameras were attached to the base of a tree. Observations from these camera traps were made through winter and spring. Results have now been published in the European Journal of Wildlife Research.

So what did Sonam collect? Over 3000 camera trap days about 90000 images were recorded. Two thirds were false triggers (vegetation moving in the wind, sudden changes in temperature with sunrise and sunset) – such is the bane of the camera approach. About 11000 were of local people moving through the forest. Amongst all of this were over 5000 images of mammals, including 23 different species, and 3600 images of birds, including 37 species.

Seventeen of these mammals were medium to large and could be identified. Red panda were observed. The commonly seen species were a deer – northern red muntjac, wild boar and leopard cats. The rarest were other cats: marbled cat (first record in Nepal), Asiatic golden cat and common leopard. The spotted lingsang was also collected for the first time, as was the first melanic (black) leopard.

Collecting images and video also allows us to look at behaviour. We can get a sense of when species are active. We can see which species move around in groups. Wild boar foraged for tubers in front of the camera, red panda marked their territory, two porcupines mated! Red panda and macaques were active during the day, red foxes and porcupines were nocturnal.

Collected on camera, a melanic form of leopard. A first for the region. Image by Sonam Lama.

All of these collected images and videos provide little snapshots of natural history for these species, many of which are difficult to find any other way. Our understanding of potential threats for red panda has also increased. They definitely share their habitat with several potential predator species (and we found a few that were not even known from Nepal). Perhaps more importantly we were able to show that people are common in these habitats and that they are often accompanied by dogs. Good to know from a conservation point of view!

Collecting images of different species using trail cameras is an increasingly common tool around the globe. It is becoming an essential tool for monitoring species. It doesn’t hurt that there is that thrill of the collector when you find an image of something surprising in amongst all of those misfires.

This article was written by Adrian Paterson (Pest-management and Conservation at Lincoln University). Yes he is a collector ( I guess you could argue that he collects EcoLincNZ articles!).

November 25, 2024
Pesty plastics: Removing a problem from wildlife management

We often put up with bad situations because they stop something worse happening. This can be as big as having nuclear weapons to stop major wars occurring. Paying taxes is a burden but it keeps a society healthy and connected. Not eating so much chocolate seems wrong but will give you better long-term health.

And then we have plastic. Plastic must rank as one of the most successful of human inventions. It can be used in myriads of applications, keeps foods hygienic for longer, and allows more people to have the luxuries of the modern world. Plastic also causes incredible waste and we are still learning about the ongoing and long-lasting impacts that occur from the breakdown of plastics into smaller and smaller molecules.

One of the biggest shifts in day to day life over the last decade or so is the movement away from plastic where possible. Many countries have banned (or are banning) single use plastics. I would doubt that there is anyone unaware of plastics as an issue for our sustainable future.

Plastic figures from Cthulhu: Death May Die! A great game with great plastic figures (but some guilt comes with it!). Image from Adrian Paterson.

One of my hobbies is in collecting and playing board games. Historically there has been a lot of plastic in games. Lately, there has been a real effort by gaming companies to make as much as possible from cardboard and wood and to remove stuff like shrink-wrap. (Although I do love me some great detailed plastic miniatures some of the time. I try to add use by painting them. Unfortunately, there is still nothing quite as good for sculpting as plastic. Hopefully that will change (see this approach using mostly wood shavings as a building matrix called re-wood).)

As we have mentioned many times on EcoLincNZ, we do a lot of research on vertebrate pest management, especially in monitoring and detecting mammals, like stoats, deer, possums, hedgehogs (even elephants and leopards). Controlling these pests is vital for conserving New Zealand’s endemic biodiversity. We are very good at doing this and improving all of the time. Unfortunately, we use a lot of plastic.

Our tracking tunnels, chew cards and wax tags all have significant plastic components. Some of these are single use, some can be used a few times, but there are always some that get left in the environment. Also, many of the places that we are interested in monitoring are, by definition, in areas that have low human impacts and very little exposure to plastic. And here we are bringing the plastic there.

Tracking tunnels are made of plastic. Typically they can be used multiple times but many are left in the monitoring areas. Image from Adrian Paterson.

Now, you could argue that a few negatives of using a relatively small amount of plastic is far outweighed by the good that using these devices does. And you would be correct. But what if we could have our cake and eat it too?

Katie Pitt is a PhD student at Lincoln University. She and her supervisors, James Ross and Adrian Paterson, have just published a paper in New Zealand Journal of Zoology where they question the use of plastic in wildlife management and ask whether we can do better.

Katie looked at how much plastic is munched up by species, like rats and mice, when they interact with chew cards placed in various habitats. These bits of plastic remain in the rats and then the environment even if the cards are retrieved. The plastic fragments are also much reduced in size by the nibbling and can move around much easier, through wind, rain and rodent stomachs. The removed chew card will also end up in landfills.

Katie found that chew cards in Canterbury and Taranaki typically left 15% of their volume behind in the environment as nibbled bits. Given the scale of monitoring throughout New Zealand this can quickly add up to a lot of plastic in areas that typically have no plastics.

A well nibbled chew-card. All that missing plastic is now on the forest floor or in the faeces of rodents. Image from Katie Pitt.

There may be an alternative. Katie tested some new chew cards made from wood pulp, and so fully biodegradable. Of course we don’t want to use a product that is inferior to what we already use, especially for something as important as protecting our biodiversity. Katie tested the use of wood pulp chew cards alongside plastic models. She consistently found that they performed just as well in a range of conditions (including with a lot of rain!). Katie also found that prices per chew card were similar with scope for the wood pulp cards to eventually become cheaper.

Is this a problem that people want to solve? Katie asked individuals from 30 organisations that work in pest monitoring and found that 97% were keen to move away from single-use plastics, as long as there was no major reduction in functionality and cost.

So we have a problem, people want to solve this problem, we have an alternative, and this alternative seems to work as well as what we already have. Eat that cake and have it as well!

There is still a bit of work to do to scale this up to the levels that we need if this is to replace the status quo. Katie is also looking at how we would replace tracking tunnels. But the future is looking bright. And plastic-free.

Adrian Paterson is a lecturer in the Department of Pest-management and Conservation at Lincoln University. As a Twin Peaks fan from way back, he really wanted to use “She’s dead, wrapped in plastic” in this article.

November 1, 2024
Enemies with benefits

The idea of ‘friends with benefits’ is reasonably widespread and understood. Having good interactions with others will often lead to even more productive outcomes. But what about ‘enemies with benefits’? Are there times where your enemy can give you some positive benefits?

Invasive species cause ecological harm worldwide, threatening biodiversity, disrupting nutrient cycling and displacing native species. Pacific islands, with their characteristically high rates of endemism, experience out-sized effects from plant invasions (Bellard et al. 2014). In biodiversity hotspots, such as New Zealand, exotic invasive plant species now outnumber native species in area and in number.

But, how do they do it?

New Zealand habitats are prone to invasion by exotic plant species. Why is this?

A study by Lauren Waller and other Lincoln University and University of Canterbury colleagues, published in Journal of Ecology attempts to find some answers. Lauren shows that exotic plants may gain their competitive edge by accumulating enemies in the soil and sharing them with neighbouring native plants, a phenomenon that plant ecologists call pathogen spillover.

Lauren set up a large mesocosm (self-contained area) experiment. These were areas where new species could be added to a known group of native species in a very manageable process. The health and growth of all plants could be measured and microorganisms both present at the start and brought in on the introduced plants could be identified.

Lauren expected exotic plants to experience improved growth due to escape from pathogens (leaving the burden of enemies behind when they come to NZ). This assumption comes in large part from two well-known hypotheses, the Enemy Release Hypothesis and the Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability (EICA) Hypothesis. Enemy Release states that exotic plants can gain incredible success when they move to a new location lacking the enemy pressure they experienced in their home range, particularly co-evolved specialist enemies. EICA goes a step further to suggest that if exotic plants can escape enemy pressure in their new range, those plants will have more resources to allocate to growth over defence.

Somewhat supporting Enemy Release, exotic plants did not appear to suffer much from specialist fungal pathogens. However, exotic plants did associate with generalist pathogens. Also, in support of Enemy Release, exotic plants did not appear to allocate resources to defence. Instead, exotic plants appeared to tolerate generalist pathogen pressure without reducing their growth.

Native Poa grown in a native versus exotic dominated plot.

Lauren did not expect to see big impacts by exotic plants on native plants, and boy, did they! Native plants just wasted away when grown with exotic plants. It was very sad to watch. This photo shows an example of a native bunch-grass, grown with all native neighbours (left) or in communities dominated by exotic plants (right).

What explained the out-sized effect of exotic plants on native plant growth? Our network analysis showed that exotics not only accumulated and tolerated generalist pathogens, but they shared their pathogens with native plants. Native plants did not appear to have the same tolerance for this enemy pressure like the exotic plants did.

We started by asking ‘are there times where your enemy can give you some positive benefits?’. It turns out that yes there are times when your enemies can help you a lot. In this case if species cause you problems it will be OK for you if they cause competing species even more problems! With invasive species, your microbial enemies can do you a good turn but taking out the opposition.

Now that’s a real enemy with benefits!

Lauren Waller and Adrian Paterson wrote this together (and not as enemies!). They are lecturers in the Department of Pest-management and Conservation.

Bellard, C., Leclerc, C., Leroy, B., Bakkenes, M., Veloz, S., Thuiller, W., & Courchamp, F. (2014). Vulnerability of biodiversity hotspots to global change. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 23(12), 1376-1386

October 18, 2024
Darwin and the Sandwalk: AI

Darwin took the best part of 20 years to publish his ideas on natural selection. There has been a lot of speculation as to why he took so long. We here at the Sandwalk have some ideas….

Darwin loved to write. He wrote books. He scribed copious numbers of letters to people all around the world. And yet he took such a long time to complete his signature work.

I’m not sure what Darwin would have made of generative AI. I doubt that he would have been impressed, especially at the moment where it only repackages ideas and does not create new one.

Still he might have impressed in certain aspects. I prompted ChatGPT to re-write the previous two paragraphs in the style of Darwin.

“It may be observed that Darwin possessed a profound affinity for the act of writing. His pen gave birth to numerous volumes, and through his hand flowed an unceasing correspondence with individuals spanning the globe. Yet, despite this prolific output, it is curious to note the extended period required for the completion of his most seminal work.”

“As to the advent of generative artificial intelligence, one might surmise that Darwin, ever the champion of originality and slow, deliberate thought, would have regarded such a tool with a measure of skepticism. For while this technology can indeed aggregate and reorganize information, it does not yet appear capable of producing the truly novel insights that arise from deep reflection and careful study—those hallmarks of evolutionary progress in the realm of ideas.”

Hmmm that might have saved him some time! Or maybe he would have used it for entertainment. What about some tardy Darwin jokes prompted from ChatGPT (although one is created by me – can you guess?):

‘It took Charles Darwin over 20 years to write On the Origin of Species. I guess he was evolving his ideas… very slowly!’

‘It took Darwin over 20 years to write On the Origin of Species. Talk about natural procrastination!’

‘Why did it take so long for Darwin to write On the Origin of Species? Maybe he was worried about natural rejection!’

‘Darwin spent 20 years writing his book. I guess even evolution needed a few extra drafts.‘

‘Charles Darwin took two decades to finish On the Origin of Species—he was just letting the ideas adapt!‘

‘Darwin took 20 years to write his book. I guess survival of the fittest applies to writers’ block too!’

‘It took Darwin so long to write On the Origin of Species, you’d think he was waiting for the manuscript to evolve itself!‘

Not bad. I think that we might not have received the Origin any earlier if Charles had enjoyed playing around with AI.

October 1, 2024